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Sains Malaysiana 53(8)(2024): 1859-1872
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5308-11
Pemencilan dan Pencirian Spesies Vibrio Berpotensi
Patogen daripada Air Balast di Pelabuhan Malaysia Terpilih
(Isolation
and Characterization of Potentially Pathogenic Vibrio Species from Ballast
Water in Selected Malaysian Ports)
1Jabatan Sains Biologi dan Bioteknologi, Fakulti Sains
dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia
2Jabatan Sains Bumi dan Alam Sekitar, Fakulti Sains dan
Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
3UKM Culture Collection (UKMCC), Fakulti Sains dan
Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Received: 12 December 2023/Accepted: 27 June 2024
Abstrak
Kemasukan Vibrio melalui air
balast boleh meningkatkan populasi Vibrio sedia ada di perairan
tempatan, justeru meningkatkan risiko jangkitan Vibrio pada manusia dan
haiwan marin. Selain itu, ia boleh mengganggu ekosistem marin tempatan melalui
persaingan spesies asli dan mengubah komuniti mikrob. Walau bagaimanapun,
maklumat berkaitan risiko pelepasan spesies patogen bawaan air balast khususnya Vibrio spp. di Malaysia masih terhad. Oleh itu, kajian ini dilakukan
untuk menciri dan mengenal pasti spesies Vibrio berpotensi patogen dari
air balast daripada kapal-kapal kargo yang berlabuh di Pelabuhan Klang dan
Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas. Pengenalpastian awal Vibrio daripada sampel
air balast dilakukan berdasarkan ujian pewarnaan Gram, oksidase, katalase,
fermentasi glukosa, motiliti dan kerentanan terhadap agen vibrio statik O129.
Selain itu, pencirian faktor terkait dengan kevirulenan seperti hemolisis,
protease, lipase, pembentukan biolapisan serta ujian kerintangan antibiotik
juga dilakukan. Pencilan Vibrio yang menunjukkan ciri kevirulenan
kemudiannya dikenal pasti berdasarkan agar kromogenik dan penjujukan gen 16S
rRNA. Hasilnya, sebanyak 154 pencilan Vibrio telah disaring dan 24
daripadanya menunjukkan tindak balas positif terhadap kesemua faktor
kevirulenan yang diuji serta mempunyai nilai indeks Antibiotik
Pelbagai Rintang (MAR) > 0.2. Pencirian gen 16S rRNA telah mengenal
pasti kesemua 24 Vibrio spp. sebagai V. alginolyticus (n=16), V.
fluvialis (n=7) dan V. harveyi (n=1). Kesimpulannya, kehadiran
spesies Vibrio berpotensi patogen daripada air balast jelas menunjukkan
bahawa kapal yang berlabuh di Pelabuhan Klang dan Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas
berisiko memindah masuk spesies berpotensi patogen daripada perairan luar ke
dalam perairan tempatan.
Kata kunci: Air balast; patogen; spesies invasif; Vibrio spp.
Abstract
The introduction of Vibrio through ballast water can increase the existing Vibrio population in
local waters, thereby increasing the risks of Vibrio-related infections
in humans and marine animals. Additionally, it can disrupt local marine
ecosystems through competition with native species and altering microbial
communities. However, information related to the risk of ballast water-borne
pathogenic species release, particularly Vibrio spp. in Malaysia is
still limited. Therefore, this study was conducted to characterize and identify
potentially pathogenic Vibrio species from ballast water discharged from
cargo ships anchored in Port Klang and Port Tanjung Pelepas. Initial
identification of Vibrio from ballast water samples was based on Gram
staining, oxidase, catalase, glucose fermentation, motility, and susceptibility
to O129 static vibrio agent. In addition, the characterization of factors
related to virulence such as hemolysis, protease,
lipase, biolayer formation and antibiotic resistance
tests were also performed. Vibrio isolates showing virulent
characteristics were then identified based on chromogenic agar and 16S rRNA gene analysis. As a result, a total of 154 Vibrio isolates were screened and 24 of them showed a positive response to all the
virulence factors tested and had Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index
value > 0.2. Characterization of the 16S rRNA gene
identified all 24 Vibrio spp. as V. alginolyticus (n=16), V. fluvialis (n=7) and V. harveyi (n=1). In conclusion, the presence of
potentially pathogenic Vibrio species from ballast water clearly shows
that ships anchored in Port Klang and Port Tanjung Pelepas are at risk of
transferring potentially pathogenic species into local waters.
Keywords: Ballast water; invasive
species; pathogen; Vibrio spp.
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*Corresponding author; email: fareed@ukm.edu.my
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